The relationship between dimensions of anger and aggression in contact and noncontact sports
رابطه ی بین ابعاد خشم (عصبانیت) و پرخاشگری در ورزش های تماسی و غیر تماسی
This study investigated the relationship between anger and aggression in contact and noncontact sports. A total of 210 volunteer athletes (94 contact, 116 noncontact) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the Tehran Multidimensional Anger Scale (TMAS) and the Competitive Aggression Questionnaire (CAQ). The results revealed that all anger subscales were positively associated with indices of competitive aggression in both contact and noncontact sports. However, only anger-in and anger-out could significantly predict changes related to competitive aggressive behaviors. The results also revealed that 'anger control-in' and 'anger control-out' were negatively associated with indices of competitive aggression in both contact and noncontact sports.
Previous studies concerning the antecedents of aggression have led to the formulation of several theories concerning this field. The most famous models for studying aggression in sport are frustration-aggression (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939), the experienced frustration -aggression (Berkowitz, 1989), and social learning theory (Bandura, 1973). Dollard et al (1939) believed that frustration is the result of impediment in fulfilling certain goals and desires and inevitably ends in aggressive behavior. Berkowitz showed that all of the frustrated people do not react aggressively. But the situational symptoms and the learned responses affect the possibility of aggressive behavior. Based upon these evidences, Berkowitz (Berkowitz, 1989; Kimble, Russo, Bergman, & Gallindo, 2010) added cognitive factors to the frustration-aggression model, so that the role of emotional responses and personal motivation in tendency toward aggressive behaviors can be considered.
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